Consider this thought experiment : Someone in front of you drops down unconscious, but fortunately there’s a paramedic standing by at the scene. Various studies have found that downward counterfactual thinking tends to be more associated with psychological health compared with upward counterfactual thinking (see McMullen & Markham, 2000). We examined the relationships between … This meta-analysis examined the strength of association between upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms. Olson (Eds. Depression has been linked to counterfactual thinking in many behavioral studies, but the direction of this effect remains disputed. A growing body of research has focused on the affective and behavioral consequences of counterfactual thinking, and the benefits that may derive from differences in counterfactual direction. The implication of this finding to … Trait procrastination was overall related to avoiding thoughts about how things could have been better (making more downward and relatively fewer upward counterfactuals) in response to the two anxiety‐provoking scenarios, suggesting the involvement of a self‐enhancement motive (mood repair). A subset of the counterfactual literature (comprising nine studies in six papers [6–11]; see S1 Appendix) has examined the relationship between dispositional optimism and counterfactual direction of comparison, finding that optimism predicts downward (vs. upward) counterfactual thinking. Patients in both experimental groups overestimated the ending of the script, reflecting the hindsight bias effect. 2,459 Likes, 121 Comments - University of South Carolina (@uofsc) on Instagram: “Do you know a future Gamecock thinking about #GoingGarnet?
In Study 1 (N = 634), factor analysis revealed four subscales that correspond with various types of counterfactual thinking: Nonreferent Downward, Other-Referent Upward, Self-Referent Upward, and Nonreferent Upward. 133–134). - Upward and downward Causal inference - Judgemental consequences - Affective consequences - Intention and behavioural consequences. on counterfactual thinking has found that individuals often compare counterfactual alternatives to reality, leading to an affective contrast effect (Markman & McMullen, 2003; McMullen, 1997). It is hypothesised that: (1) the frequency of counterfactual thinking will be associated with greater psychological symptoms (PGD, PTSD and psychological distress); (2) upward counterfactuals will be generated more frequently than downward counterfactuals and will be more strongly associated with psychological symptoms; (3) self …
Within a few short years, research on counterfactual thinking has mushroomed, establishing itself as one of the signature domains within social psychology. 169: When Alternatives to Reality Fail Us. Upward counterfactual thinking involves inflecting on how things could have turned out better. The finding that people can boost their own self-evaluations by using downward comparison is known as what effect? The counterfactual thoughts for silver medalists tend to focus on how close they are to the gold medal, upward counterfactually thinking about the event, whereas bronze medalists tend to counterfactual think about how they could have not received a medal at all, displaying downward counterfactual thinking. relief are evoked by downward counterfactual thoughts; such thoughts may thus be generated strategically to repair mood. We examined whether inducing cigarette smokers to engage in counterfactual thinking would change their intentions to quit smoking and their short-term smoking behavior.
199: Worldviews Counterfactual Thought and Emotion. Upward Versus Downward Counterfactuals Much of the early work on counterfactual thinking focused on the consequences of upward versus downward counterfactuals. Living in neither the best nor worst of all possible worlds: Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward counterfactual thinking. “I’m glad I broke up with him when I did, a toxic relationship is … In counterfactual thinking, it is useful to differentiate two directions: Upward counterfactuals imagine a more positive outcome, and downward counterfactuals a more negative outcome. According to a 2000 study, downward counterfactual thinking can be linked with better psychological health compared to upward counterfactual thinking.
The schema concept has been applied empirically to four main content areas: person schemas, self schemas, role schemas and event schemas. A positive correlation was found between upward counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias effect (r= … You could push the paramedic out of the way and do the CPR yourself, but you’ll likely do a worse job. Dimensions of counterfactual thinking Upward versus downward counterfactuals. Both direction and structure influenced performance on an anagram task such that upward and additive (vs. downward and subtractive) counterfactuals engendered greater improvement. You just studied 18 terms! Functional theory. Counterfactuals serve a preparative function, and help people avoid past blunders. Counterfactual thinking also serves the affective function to make a person feel better. By comparing one's present outcome to a less desirable outcome, the person may feel better about the current situation (1995). Although downward counterfactuals are generated less frequently PLOS ONE Dispositional optimism weakly predicts upward, rather than … Upward counterfactual thinking is a variation of counterfactual thinking that can be contrasted with downward counterfactual thinking. been much worse (downward counterfactuals) but were not. Download PDF. Counterfactual thinking was varied into downward and upward counterfactual conditions, while gender was categorized into male and female electorates. Forty-two effect sizes from a pooled sample of 13,168 respondents produced a weighted average effect size of r=.26, p<.001. The generation of alternative scenarios that are better than what actually happened is labeled upward counterfactual thinking, whereas the generation of alternative scenarios that are worse than what actually occurred is labeled downward counterfactual thinking Counterfactual thoughts have a variety of effects on emotions, beliefs, and behavior, with regret being the most common resulting emotion. Depressive states amplify both upward and downward counterfactual thinking Int J Psychophysiol. Sally is a student in a large school. by thinking downward counterfactuals (Sanna, 2000). ... - Counterfactual thinking has traditionally been linked to feelings of regret - "For all sad words of tongue or …
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