social cognition - exam 1 - counterfactual thinking - Quizlet A psychological phenomenon called counterfactual thinking involves thinking about 'what might have happened under different circumstances'. What is the best definition of a counterfactual quizlet? Counterfactual Thinking. You just studied 18 terms! a conditional statement the first clause of which expresses something contrary to fact, as "If I had known" Derived forms. A hypothetical state of the world, used to assess the impact of an action. Counterfactual Thinking Definition Counterfactual thinking focus on how the past might have been, or the present could be, different. Examples of counterfactual thinking. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. For instance, suppose that you decide to take a new route home from work one day, and end up getting into a car accident. Which of the following is the BEST example of a schema?-You tend to assume that just because someone is Asian, that person must be good at mathematics. Definition 4 (Loewer's Counterfactual Theory of Information) State s carries the information that a is F, given background conditions g, just in case, given g, if s were to obtain, a would have to have been F. Even this theory of information requires several elaborations to furnish a plausible account of mental content. Choose from 34 different sets of counterfactual flashcards on Quizlet. What makes a counterfactual true? Strengths and weaknesses of these categories are examined in terms of proposed characteristics . Counterfactual: A counterfactual assertion is a conditional whose antecedent is false and whose consequent describes how the world would have been if the antecedent had obtained. thinking about how things could have still turned out the same'even if' 'if..still' in which we undo past evevnts but outcome remains unchanged. The term "counterfactual" has a wide range of uses in philosophy, history, economics and statistics. - Asked to rate how causal the choice of drug had been in failing to win the race (score 1-9) - Counterfactual condition mean 6.23. -You believe that it is bad luck to step on the cracks when walking . An upward counterfactual (as opposed to a downward counterfactual) is generated when people imagine better (rather than worse) alternative states, such as having made the right choices, successfully avoiding a tragedy, or achieving a better version of oneself (Epstude and Roese, 2008, Markman and McMullen, 2003). Causation is an essential concept in epidemiology, yet there is no single, clearly articulated definition for the discipline. The basic idea of counterfactual theories of causation is that the meaning of causal claims can be explained in terms of counterfactual conditionals of the form "If A had not occurred, C would not have occurred". Start studying Cognition - Counterfactual thinking. One promising technique is "counterfactual fairness," which ensures that a model's decisions are the same in a counterfactual world where attributes deemed sensitive, such as race, gender . Start studying social cognition - exam 1 - counterfactual thinking. The counterfactual takes the form of a subjunctive conditional: If P had obtained, then Q would have obtained . From a systematic review of the literature, five categories can be delineated: production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic. In the counterfactual model, a causal factor is a necessary factor without which the outcome (e.g. In philosophy counterfactual scenarios are often used in the analysis of causality, e.g. The meaning of counterfactual is contrary to fact. Sometimes, people focus. A hypothetical state of the world, used to assess the impact of an action. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. counterfactual thinking may also serve another func-tion, namely, affect regulation. Start studying Counterfactual Geographics. Counterfactual thoughts have a variety of effects on emotions, beliefs, and behavior, with regret being the most common resulting emotion. Because free will is typically taken to be a necessary condition of moral responsibility, compatibilism is sometimes expressed as a thesis about the compatibility between moral . So even if you stop the patient from dying, your . For each particular individual, one can generally observe only one , but not both, of the two potential outcomes. You could push the paramedic out of the way and do the CPR yourself, but you'll likely do a worse job. Counterfactual thoughts have social, emotional, motivational, and cognitive antecedents and consequences. Compatibilism offers a solution to the free will problem, which concerns a disputed incompatibility between free will and determinism.Compatibilism is the thesis that free will is compatible with determinism. Choose from 34 different sets of counterfactual flashcards on Quizlet. What is the best definition of a counterfactual? - Control condition mean 5.25. Pearl (2009) provides an overview of the concepts and develops an analysis of causality based on structural models. counterfactual in American English (ˌkauntərˈfæktʃuːəl) Logic. counterfact. Start studying RESS lecture 9 - Causality, Bias + Confounding. counterfactual (plural counterfactuals) A claim, hypothesis, or other belief that is contrary to the facts. asked Oct 2, 2019 in Philosophy & Belief by wobririck What is the best definition of a counterfactual quizlet? An upward counterfactual (as opposed to a downward counterfactual) is generated when people imagine better (rather than worse) alternative states, such as having made the right choices, successfully avoiding a tragedy, or achieving a better version of oneself (Epstude and Roese, 2008, Markman and McMullen, 2003). (philosophy) A conditional statement in which the conditional clause is false, as 'If I had arrived on time . Definition 4 (Loewer's Counterfactual Theory of Information) State s carries the information that a is F, given background conditions g, just in case, given g, if s were to obtain, a would have to have been F. Even this theory of information requires several elaborations to furnish a plausible account of mental content. counterfactual (plural counterfactuals) A claim, hypothesis, or other belief that is contrary to the facts. - Asked to rate how causal the choice of drug had been in failing to win the race (score 1-9) - Counterfactual condition mean 6.23. Counterfactual thinking is, as it states: "counter to the facts". Nice work! Start studying Cognition - Counterfactual thinking. Now up your study game with Learn mode. 2) Semifactual condition: the other athletes had used the newer drug and had similar side-effects. The cognitive processes that underlie the counterfactual imagination may be similar to the processes that underlie rational thinking. In the counterfactual model, a causal factor is a necessary factor without which the outcome (e.g. Start studying social cognition - exam 1 - counterfactual thinking. The function of counterfactual "if only" thoughts is in part preparatory: helping people to identify . Examples of counterfactual thinking. 3) Not told told about the other athletes. a conditional statement the first clause of which expresses something contrary to fact, as "If I had known" Derived forms. . 2) Semifactual condition: the other athletes had used the newer drug and had similar side-effects. So even if you stop the patient from dying, your . Using the six definitional criteria, evaluate the following: A counterfactual conditional is a conditional that expresses a counterfactual proposition. For instance, suppose that you decide to take a new route home from work one day, and end up getting into a car accident. Consider this thought experiment : Someone in front of you drops down unconscious, but fortunately there's a paramedic standing by at the scene. When we observe the treated and control units only once before treatment \((t=1)\) and once after treatment \((t=2)\), we write this as: treatment success) would not have occurred. As the condition is not required to be sufficient for the outcome, multiple causal factors are allowed. Counterfactual assumption (Parallel Trends) A second key assumption we make is that the change in outcomes from pre- to post-intervention in the control group is a good proxy for the counterfactual change in untreated potential outcomes in the treated group. Pearl (2009) provides an overview of the concepts and develops an analysis of causality based on structural models. .'. Most counterfactual analyses have focused on claims of the form "event c caused event e", describing 'singular' or 'token' or 'actual' causation. Learn counterfactual with free interactive flashcards. strategically on downward possibilities so as to generate. Now up your study game with Learn mode. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. What is counterfactual thinking this type of thinking quizlet? . Most counterfactual analyses have focused on claims of the form "event c caused event e", describing 'singular' or 'token' or 'actual' causation. How to use counterfactual in a sentence. .'. While counterfactual thinking is a very normal and natural process, experts suggest the best course is to focus on the present and future and allow counterfactual thinking to act as a motivator . These counterfactual returns can be used to form unbiased and lower vari-ance estimates of the policy gradient by building future-conditional baselines. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The term "counterfactual" has a wide range of uses in philosophy, history, economics and statistics. The basic idea of counterfactual theories of causation is that the meaning of causal claims can be explained in terms of counterfactual conditionals of the form "If A had not occurred, C would not have occurred". Nice work! These thoughts are usually triggered by negative events that block one's goals and desires. Start studying Counterfactual Geographics. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. (philosophy) A conditional statement in which the conditional clause is false, as 'If I had arrived on time . counterfact. What is the best definition of a counterfactual quizlet? A psychological phenomenon called counterfactual thinking involves thinking about 'what might have happened under different circumstances'. While counterfactual thinking is a very normal and natural process, experts suggest the best course is to focus on the present and future and allow counterfactual thinking to act as a motivator . You just studied 18 terms! -the confirmation bias. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. You could push the paramedic out of the way and do the CPR yourself, but you'll likely do a worse job. What is the best definition of a counterfactual? Learn counterfactual with free interactive flashcards. Counterfactual Thinking. What is the best definition of a counterfactual quizlet? counterfactual in American English (ˌkauntərˈfæktʃuːəl) Logic. counterfactual case; or they can search for other actual cases that resemble the case in question in significant respects,3 except that in some of these cases C is absent (or had a different value). Lewis (1973). In the latter procedure, the analyst then checks the association between the occurrence of C and E As the condition is not required to be sufficient for the outcome, multiple causal factors are allowed. thinking about how things could have still turned out the same'even if' 'if..still' in which we undo past evevnts but outcome remains unchanged. treatment success) would not have occurred. 3) Not told told about the other athletes. Unlike classical Q functions, which also provide an estimate of the return for all actions but do so by averaging over all Counterfactual thinking is, as it states: "counter to the facts". . A potential outcome is the outcome that would be realized if the individual received a specific value of the treatment. Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Consider this thought experiment : Someone in front of you drops down unconscious, but fortunately there's a paramedic standing by at the scene. -counterfactual thinking.-the illusory correlation.-the confirmation bias.-the simulation heuristic. - Control condition mean 5.25. In philosophy counterfactual scenarios are often used in the analysis of causality, e.g. Lewis (1973).
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